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Range of Motion 

The distance you can move your tongue and/or lips in and out, back and forth, up and down, or side to side.

Rapid Automatic Naming 

A skill requiring fast and effective retrieval from information about phonology from long-term memory and being able to use the information effectively. Examples include quickly naming a list of objects, letters, or numbers.

Rate 

The speech with which phonemes, syllables and words are uttered.

Raw Score 

A raw score in and of itself is relatively unimportant. This usually represents the total number of correct responses. Raw scores can be converted to percentile ranks, standard scores, grade equivalents, and age equivalents.

Readability 

Readability refers to the level of difficulty in a written passage. This depends on factors such as length of words, length of sentences, grammatical complexity and word frequency.

Reading Comprehension 

An understanding of the information read within a text or what they hear when they are read aloud to. A great way to check reading comprehension is to ask questions during or after a book-reading activity.

Reading Disability 

Another term for dyslexia sometimes referred to as reading disorder or reading difference.

Reading Fluency 

A measure of the accuracy, speed (or rate) and how smoothly the child is able to read. Decreased reading fluency typically reduces overall comprehension due to the additional effort and time required to read the text. If the child stops between each word and has to spend time sounding each one out, they do not read very fluently. In order to be a fluent reader, one must be able to decode words quickly and use correct intonation and pausing to indicate sentences, phrases, etc. Children who are able to read fluently and smoothly are able to comprehend what they are reading more easily. Reading fluency is a critical skill for literacy success.

Real-Time Captioning 

On-line captioning for television screens and monitors giving the printed speech of live speakers.

Reasonable Accommodation 

Adoption of a facility or program that can be accomplished without undue administrative or financial burden.

Receptive Identification 

Identifying the item that is labeled, by pointing or selecting. This is a non-verbal response.

Receptive Language 

The ability to understand the intent and meaning of someone’s goal to communicate; the ability to attach meanings to words, based on experience.

Receptive Language Disorder 

Difficulty understanding what is being said to them.

Receptive Language Difficulties 

See Comprehension / Receptive Language Difficulties.

Receptive Language Skills 

Understanding / comprehension of language. This may involve gaining meaning from a familiar routine, understanding sounds and words, developing and understanding of concepts, understanding grammatical markers etc.

Recovery 

A process through which people with aphasia reconnect their ability to speak, understand and communicate. We have learned that aphasia recovery need never reach a plateau; that progress can continue with innovative and effective treatment and practice. Maximizing aphasia recovery: involves hope and faith; is driven by the empowered client; is holistic in nature; is supported by family, peers and others; utilizes many different facets of life and treatment; and is based on respect and hard, smart work.

Recreation 

Related service; includes therapeutic recreation services, recreation programs, and leisure education.

Redirect 

The client is guided or shown a more appropriate behavior or activity.

Refer / Referral / Referring 

When a teacher or health professional identifies a student with a potential problem with communication, literacy or swallowing they refer the student for a Speech-Language Pathology Assessment / Speech and Language Therapy Assessment. A written and signed document by a medical or pediatric physician that recommends services. They describe their concerns in simple language (usually in writing) and talk to the student’s parent/caregiver about the need for ‘referral for assessment’, helping them find an appropriate SLP/SLT. The information and insights that teachers or health professionals provide to the SLP/SLT in the course of referral and also in ‘case discussion’ can be very helpful. All outpatient specialized therapy services, including speech therapy and occupational therapy, require a referral.

Regional Centers 

The Centers shall function as a leader and advocate in promoting the continuing entitlement of citizens with developmental disabilities to all services that enable full community inclusion. The Association shall also participate in the development of public legislative policy and serve as a focal point for communication, education, training and prevention services.

Regulatory and Sensory Systems 

The internal systems that control ability to register and respond to internal sensory input and external stimuli.

Rehabilitation 

To restore to good health or useful life, as through therapy and education.

Rehabilitation Act of 1973 

Civil rights statute designed to protect individuals with disabilities from discrimination; purposes are to maximize employment, economic self sufficiency, independence, inclusion and integration into society.

Rehabilitation Counseling Services 

Related service; includes career development, preparation for employment, vocational rehabilitation services funded under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

Reinforcement 

A stimulus that strengthens the behavior that produced it. Presenting something desirable to the client, or removing something undesirable.

Reinforcer 

An event or consequence (reward) that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Any game, toy or activity which is reinforcing for the child, and which maintains their interest for longer. When working with young children, the use of reinforcers is paramount, to ensure the adult can get the most from a play or work session.

Related Services 

Transportation and developmental, corrective and other support services that a student with disabilities requires in order to benefit from special education. Some examples of related services include: social work services, psychological services, physical and occupational therapy, recreation, speech/language services, interpreters for students with hearing impairments, assistive technology, etc.

Relational Analysis 

See Core Speech Assessment Battery.

Remediation 

The act or process of correcting a fault or deficiency

Repetition 

This is a strategy that can be used to help children learn language. This is for children who are speaking at least in single words, to help provide correct models for articulation. You simply repeat back the word he/she said incorrectly, the correct way. Examples include:

  • Child: “wabbit” for “rabbit” Parent: Emphasize the /r/ sound when repeating the word back.
  • Whole Word Repetition: “The boy-boy is playing”, “The dog-dog ate his food”
  • Part Word Repetition: “Ch-Ch-Chair” or “Ch-Chair”
  • Part Word Repetition with Schwa: “Ta-Table” or “Tuh-Table”
  • Phrase Repetition: “Tomorrow I will go, tomorrow I will go to school.”
Repetitive Motor Mannerisms 

Repetition of movements or posturing of the body. May include hand and body movements, and odd postures of body parts. These movements or postures do not appear to have meaning, but are typically significant to children with ASD.

Replacement Behavior 

A planned behavior used to replace a less desirable behavior.

Representational Play 

Pretend play which emerges when a child begins to use familiar objects in appropriate ways to represent their world (i.e. pushing a toy lawn mower over the grass). Begins to occur between 12- to 21-months of age.

Residual Hearing 

The amount of usable hearing which a deaf or hard-of-hearing person has.

Resource Specialist 

Typically, a Resource Specialist provides support, pertinent information, consultant services, and direct intervention to individuals, their family, and staff members regarding educational/learning needs and issues. Frequently found within the public school setting.

Respiration 

Act of breathing.

Response Time 

Period of time involved in producing a response to a stimulus.

Response to Intervention (RtI) 

RtI is a scientific, research-based approach developed to provide a collaborative problem solving framework to address the learning needs of students who are not achieving commensurate with their peers, using grade-specific benchmarks. Student outcome data is the determining factor for either increasing or changing the research-based instruction or intervention being used to help the student achieve academically. RtI is a multi-step process, with systematic monitoring and is routinely implemented prior to assessing a student for special education services.

Restricted Patterns of Interest 

Limited range of interest that are intense in focus. These interests tend to be narrow and rigid and appear to be obsessions.

Reverberation 

Prolongation of a sound after the sound source has ceased or an echo within a room, due to sound absorption of walls, floor and ceiling.

Revision 

Stoppage typically in the middle of a sentence or thought, characterized by avoiding a block and going back to the beginning of the phrase or sentence. For example:

  • “I was going to the park (anticipated block)” voicing stops
  • Revision- “I was going to the park and I saw a stray dog.”
Rhett’s Syndrome 

A nervous system developmental disorder typically diagnosed in early childhood. It is characterized by developmental reversals in expressive language and abnormal hand use.

Rhythm 

The proper timing between pauses and spoken words in your speech. If your rhythm is “off” your pauses may be too long or too short between words.

Rituals 

Repeated behaviors that appear to be meaningless but are repeated by an individual in certain situations or circumstances.