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Memory impacts a person’s ability to perform almost any activity. Memory is how
“knowledge is encoded, stored, and later retrieved” (Kandell, Schwartz, and Jessell, 2000).
Even mild memory deficits can impact a student’s success. There are different kinds of
memory, including long-term memory, short-term memory, working memory, auditory
memory, and visual memory. Auditory memory is the ability to take in information that is
presented orally (out loud), process it, retain it in one’s mind, and then recall it (Bellis, 2003;
Roeser & Downs, 2004; Stredler-Brown & Johnson, 2004). Auditory memory requires
working memory.
Working memory is “the management, manipulation, and transformation of
information drawn from short-term memory and long-term memory” (Dehn, 2008). Working
memory is responsible for processing higher level linguistic information, and if the task is
more complex, working memory spends more time processing (Daneman and Carpenter,
1980). Working memory capacity has significant relationships with reading decoding,
language comprehension, spelling, following directions, vocabulary development, note
taking, and GPA (Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, and Conway, 1999).

Auditory Memory Deficits
Auditory memory deficits include remembering multi-step directions, relating new
information to prior knowledge, oral language comprehension, taking notes while listening,
verbal fluid reasoning, written expression, and oral expression (Dehn, 2008). Individuals with
deficits and weaknesses can benefit from direct teaching of strategies which can improve
working memory performance. According to Dehn (2008), effective strategy teaching
can include:
• Engaging in one-on-one brief, focused sessions over several weeks;
• Teaching one strategy at a time;
• Explaining purpose and rationale;
• Explaining and modeling the steps of the strategy;
• Providing plenty of practice and offering feedback;
• Teaching cues to help remember the strategy;
• Providing positive reinforcement and data tracking;
• Encouraging children to monitor and evaluate strategy use;
• Encouraging generalization across sessions.

Types of Auditory Memory Strategies
Different types of auditory memory strategies include:
• Verbal Rehearsal – repeating words or numbers, either vocally or subvocally
(e.g., Try saying the numbers over and over, like this: 2, 7, 5; 2, 7, 5; 2, 7, 5.);
• Elaborative Rehearsal – associating new information with prior
knowledge, such as creating sentences of the to-be-remembered word
or creating a story, or paraphrasing [reorganizing larger amounts of
information into smaller, more personally meaningful units (Donahue
& Pidek, 1993)];
• Chunking – pairing, clustering, grouping, or association of different items into larger
units (e.g., Try putting the numbers together. So if you hear 2, 4, 8, 3—think 24, 83.);
• Relational Strategies – making the information being memorized more meaningful
through mnemonics, imagery, or elaboration (e.g., Try to make a simple sentence
using the words you hear. If you hear dog, hat, bed, make a silly sentence like, “The
dog found a hat under the bed.”).

SOURCE: SuperDuper Publications

-Sharon P. M.S. CF-SLP TSSLD